One of the primary challenges associated with inorganic wastewater is its toxicity. Heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic are often found in significant concentrations in industrial effluents. These metals can accumulate in the food chain, leading to severe health issues in humans and wildlife, including neurological disorders, developmental problems, and cancer. Additionally, high salinity levels can adversely affect aquatic life, disrupting ecosystems and biodiversity.
In addition, APIs must comply with international quality standards, such as those set by the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH). This helps ensure that APIs produced worldwide are held to the same quality and safety benchmarks.
Another challenge lies in the complexity of formulating drugs for specific patient populations, including pediatrics, geriatrics, and patients with disabilities. Each group may have unique requirements regarding dosage form, administration route, and taste preferences. Therefore, formulating drugs to be both effective and patient-friendly is a delicate balancing act.