Despite advancements in treatment technologies, several challenges persist in the removal of cyanide from industrial wastewater. Regulatory standards for permissible cyanide levels in effluents have become increasingly strict, placing pressure on industries to adopt more efficient treatment processes. The variability in cyanide concentrations, chemical forms (such as free cyanide and bound cyanide), and the presence of other contaminants complicate wastewater treatment efforts.
Pharma intermediates are typically produced through chemical reactions that transform raw materials or simpler compounds into more complex structures. These intermediates can vary widely in their chemical composition and properties, ranging from small organic molecules to larger, more intricate chemical structures. The path from a raw material to a final drug product involves multiple stages, and each stage often requires specialized intermediates tailored to specific reactions.