One of the primary challenges associated with inorganic wastewater is its toxicity. Heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic are often found in significant concentrations in industrial effluents. These metals can accumulate in the food chain, leading to severe health issues in humans and wildlife, including neurological disorders, developmental problems, and cancer. Additionally, high salinity levels can adversely affect aquatic life, disrupting ecosystems and biodiversity.
In consumer products, fillers are often used in plastics to provide desired textures or aesthetics. For instance, talc is commonly added to polyethylene products to improve opacity and surface finish. Additionally, in electronics, filled polymers can serve as effective insulators, with additives that enhance thermal conductivity and prevent overheating.
In some cases, particularly in biological treatment processes, the addition of nutrients may be necessary to optimize microbial activity. Nitrogen and phosphorus are essential nutrients that promote the growth of bacteria, which in turn break down organic matter in the wastewater. Chemicals such as ammonium sulfate and phosphoric acid can be used to supplement these nutrients, enhancing the efficiency of biological treatment.