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In recent years, the pharmaceutical industry has witnessed a growing trend towards outsourcing API manufacturing to specialized companies, particularly in developing countries. This strategy allows for cost-effective production, but it also raises concerns about quality control and regulatory compliance. As a result, pharmaceutical companies must maintain stringent oversight over their suppliers to ensure that APIs meet the required standards.


Understanding APIs


Water is an essential resource for life on Earth. However, the increasing demands of urbanization, industrial processes, and agricultural activities have led to the contamination of water bodies. To make water safe for consumption and use, various purification methods, including chemical treatments, are employed. This article explores the commonly used chemicals for the purification of water, detailing their functions and importance.


 

Chemical Properties


Periodic cleaning of RO membranes is essential to restore their performance after fouling has occurred. Cleaning chemicals, often acidic or alkaline solutions, are used to remove organic and inorganic contaminants that accumulate on the membrane surface. Common cleaning agents include citric acid, sodium hydroxide, and specialized commercial cleaning products. The cleaning process is tailored to the type of fouling observed, and it is crucial for prolonging the lifespan of the membranes.


Considerations and Limitations


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