Pharmaceutical intermediates can be classified based on their structure and the type of reactions they undergo. Common categories include amines, esters, ketones, and aldehydes. Each class serves different purposes in pharmaceutical synthesis, often tailored to the specific requirements of the API being manufactured. For instance, certain intermediates may be preferred for the synthesis of antibiotics, while others may be critical in developing anti-cancer drugs.
2. Disinfectants Post-treatment, it is crucial to disinfect the treated effluent to eliminate harmful pathogens. Chlorine, ozone, and ultraviolet (UV) light are commonly used disinfectants in STPs. Chlorination, while effective, requires careful management due to the formation of potentially harmful by-products. Conversely, UV disinfection offers a chemical-free alternative, reducing the risk of toxic residue but necessitating thorough filtration of water before application.
Despite their benefits, the use of chemicals in sewage treatment must be conducted with caution. Over-reliance on chemical processes can lead to the generation of secondary contaminants, posing risks to both human health and the environment. Consequently, the industry is increasingly leaning towards integrating more green chemistry methodologies and exploring natural alternatives, such as biopolymers and bio-based flocculants, which can reduce reliance on synthetic chemicals.
PQQ is a redox cofactor that is naturally found in various foods, such as kiwifruit, fermented soybeans, green peppers, and spinach. It has been researched for its potential to improve mitochondrial function, which is vital for energy production in our cells. Mitochondria are often referred to as the powerhouses of the cell, converting nutrients into energy. With age, mitochondrial function can decline, leading to fatigue and various health issues. This is where PQQ comes into play.