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1. Pediatric Use:

Polyacrylamide stands out as a multipurpose polymer with a broad spectrum of applications across diverse industries. As technology advances, its production methods and formulations continue to evolve, paving the way for more efficient, sustainable, and innovative uses. The ongoing research and development in PAM technology not only promise enhanced functionality but also address environmental concerns, making it a vital polymer in modern applications.


3. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) AOPs involve the generation of highly reactive species, such as hydroxyl radicals, which can break down complex organic compounds and microorganisms that are resistant to conventional treatment methods. Techniques such as ozonation and UV irradiation are often integrated into AOPs to enhance the treatment process.


Another crucial aspect of chemical treatment is the removal of heavy metals and other harmful substances. Various chemical agents, such as lime, sodium sulfide, or chelating agents can be introduced to precipitate heavy metals, allowing them to be efficiently removed. This is particularly important in industrial areas where water may be contaminated by metals like lead, mercury, or cadmium. Ion exchange is another method that can be quite effective for softening hard water by replacing calcium and magnesium ions with sodium ions.


Chlorination involves adding chlorine (Cl2), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), or calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2) to water. When chlorine is introduced, it undergoes hydrolysis to form hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) in water. Hypochlorous acid is the active disinfecting agent responsible for killing bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms


The term half-life refers to the time it takes for half of a substance to be eliminated from the body. For PQQ, studies have suggested that its half-life is relatively short, typically ranging from 2 to 5 hours in humans. This rapid metabolism indicates that PQQ is quickly processed and excreted, raising important questions about how often individuals might need to consume it to maintain its beneficial levels in the body.


2. Pharmaceutical Potential


Chemicals Used in Sewage Treatment An Overview


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