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Ozone (O3) is another chemical used in water treatment, primarily for its strong oxidizing properties. Ozone can effectively remove organic matter, taste, odor, and color from water and is a powerful disinfectant that eliminates bacteria and viruses without producing harmful by-products. The use of ozone in water treatment requires specialized equipment due to its unstable nature, as it must be generated on-site. Additionally, while ozone disinfection offers undeniable benefits, it cannot provide residual protection like chlorine or chloramine. Therefore, many facilities use ozone in conjunction with other treatments to ensure comprehensive water safety.


Once coagulants have done their work, the next stage often involves disinfection, crucial for eliminating harmful pathogens that may cause waterborne diseases. Chlorine is one of the most commonly used disinfectants, effective against viruses, bacteria, and some protozoa. It can be added in the form of gas or liquid, and its residual effect continues to provide protection even after treatment. Alternative disinfectants include ozone and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Ozone is a strong oxidizing agent that not only kills pathogens but also helps remove color and odors from water. UV radiation, on the other hand, is a chemical-free method that inactivates microorganisms by damaging their DNA.


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The evolution of plastics and polymers has significantly transformed modern life, leading to widespread applications across various industries, from packaging to automotive components and medical devices. As a result, understanding the chemical composition of these materials, particularly the additives that enhance their performance, is of paramount importance. The Handbook for the Chemical Analysis of Plastic and Polymer Additives serves as an essential resource for scientists and engineers involved in the formulation, testing, and regulation of plastic materials.


- Acne vulgaris As part of topical treatments.

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