Post-treatment disinfection is vital to eliminate pathogens that pose health risks. Chlorine gas and sodium hypochlorite are widely used disinfectants, effectively destroying bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms. However, chlorine can react with organic matter, forming harmful by-products known as trihalomethanes (THMs). Alternative disinfection methods, including ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and ozone treatment, are gaining popularity, as they do not produce such by-products and are effective at inactivating a broad spectrum of pathogens.