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2. Biotechnology Biopharmaceuticals, including monoclonal antibodies and therapeutic proteins, are produced using living organisms. This process often involves recombinant DNA technology, making it possible to produce complex biological molecules.


APIs are responsible for the pharmacological activity of a drug. When patients take medication, they are essentially consuming a mixture that includes APIs, as well as excipients, which are inactive substances that serve as carriers for the active ingredient. It is the API that directly affects how the body functions and combats diseases. For example, in a common pain reliever like ibuprofen, ibuprofen itself acts as the API that alleviates pain and reduces inflammation.


Despite its benefits, isoflurane does have some drawbacks. The most significant concerns include respiratory irritation, which can lead to coughing or breath-holding during induction, and the risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Patients with a history of respiratory issues may also experience compounded effects when using isoflurane. Furthermore, while isoflurane is effecive in maintaining anesthesia, it does not provide analgesic properties on its own, necessitating the use of additional medications to manage pain effectively during and after surgery.


Healthcare facilities often negotiate prices based on volume purchasing agreements. Larger hospitals may receive discounts that significantly lower their costs, while smaller clinics may not have the same bargaining power. Additionally, fluctuations in the pharmaceutical market can affect prices, with periods of shortage or increased demand leading to temporary spikes in cost.


The incorporation of fragrance into plastics is achieved through selected additives that can impart specific scents to the final products. These additives can be designed to release fragrance gradually over time, a feature particularly desirable for items such as scented candles, air fresheners, and personal care products. The process involves embedding microcapsules of fragrance within the plastic matrix, which slowly release the scent when the product is used or comes into contact with air.


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