Mitochondria, often referred to as the powerhouses of the cell, play a crucial role in cellular energy production. These double-membraned organelles are present in nearly all eukaryotic cells, including those of plants and animals. Their primary function is to convert nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of the cell, through a process known as oxidative phosphorylation. Understanding the basics of mitochondria is essential in the fields of biology, medicine, and genetics.
Advanced oxidation processes are cutting-edge methods used to degrade organic pollutants that are resistant to conventional treatment. AOPs typically involve the generation of hydroxyl radicals, powerful oxidants that can break down harmful substances into less toxic compounds. Chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide and ozone are often used in combination with UV light or catalysts to enhance their effectiveness. AOPs are particularly valuable for treating industrial wastewater and removing contaminants such as pesticides and pharmaceuticals.