Microbial growth, including bacteria, algae, and fungi, can lead to biofouling, which decreases heat exchange efficiency and can create health risks. Biocides are essential for controlling these organisms. They can be categorized into oxidizing and non-oxidizing types. Oxidizing biocides, such as chlorine and bromine, kill microbes by disrupting their cellular functions, while non-oxidizing biocides, like isothiazolinones, work by inhibiting their growth. Maintaining appropriate biocide levels is crucial for system integrity and compliance with health and safety regulations.
Disinfection is a critical step in the treatment process, ensuring that pathogens are effectively eliminated before the treated water is discharged or reused. Chlorine is one of the most widely used disinfectants, known for its effectiveness in inactivating a broad spectrum of microorganisms. However, its application must be carefully managed due to the formation of potentially harmful byproducts, such as trihalomethanes. Alternative disinfectants, such as ozone and ultraviolet (UV) light, have gained popularity for their ability to eliminate pathogens without the negative byproducts associated with chlorine.