Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a lesser-known compound that has gained attention for its neuroprotective and energy-enhancing properties. Like ubiquinol, PQQ is also an antioxidant but has a unique mechanism of action. It is known to stimulate the production of new mitochondria—the powerhouse of the cell—through a process called mitochondrial biogenesis. This not only enhances energy production but also improves cellular efficiency.
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There are two main types of antioxidants used in plastics primary and secondary antioxidants. Primary antioxidants, such as hindered phenols and phosphites, work by scavenging free radicals produced during the initial stages of oxidation. This action prevents the propagation of oxidative reactions, thereby extending the life of the material. Secondary antioxidants, like aromatic amines, function by stabilizing hydroperoxides, which are byproducts of the oxidation process, effectively interrupting the chain reaction that leads to further degradation.
Ozone (O3) is another chemical used in water treatment, primarily for its strong oxidizing properties. Ozone can effectively remove organic matter, taste, odor, and color from water and is a powerful disinfectant that eliminates bacteria and viruses without producing harmful by-products. The use of ozone in water treatment requires specialized equipment due to its unstable nature, as it must be generated on-site. Additionally, while ozone disinfection offers undeniable benefits, it cannot provide residual protection like chlorine or chloramine. Therefore, many facilities use ozone in conjunction with other treatments to ensure comprehensive water safety.
In recent years, advanced technologies have introduced additional purifying agents, such as ozone and ultraviolet (UV) light. Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent that can remove a wide range of contaminants, including organic compounds and certain pathogens. Similarly, UV disinfection offers a chemical-free method to eliminate microorganisms by exposing water to ultraviolet light. Both methods are increasingly popular due to their effectiveness and lower likelihood of leaving harmful residuals.
The mechanism behind alum's effectiveness lies in its charge-neutralizing properties. Raw water typically contains negatively charged particles, which repel each other and remain suspended. When alum is added, it breaks down into aluminum ions, which neutralize the charge of these particles. As a result, the particles can clump together to form larger aggregates, making it easier for them to settle out of the water or be caught in filter media.