The production processes of NMN include chemical synthesis, enzymatic synthesis and microbial fermentation, and each method has its own characteristics in process complexity, cost, yield and environmental friendliness.
Химик Synthesis of NMN
Basic principle: Chemical synthesis method is to generate NMN by multi-step reaction with chemical reagents as raw materials by designing reasonable reaction routes. This method relies on the chemical synthesis technology of nucleotides, and usually takes nicotinamide and ribose as starting materials.
Process flow
Selection of raw materials: Nicotinamide and D- ribose.
Key reaction: Nicotinamide reacts with activated ribose phosphorylation reagent to generate NMN. Phosphoric chloride or phosphite is commonly used as phosphorylation reagent.
Purification and separation: the target product is separated and purified by column chromatography, crystallization and filtration.
Drying preparation: drying the purified product to obtain powdered NMN.
Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages: the process is mature, the reaction conditions are easy to control, and it is suitable for small-scale laboratory preparation.
Disadvantages: complicated steps, expensive raw materials and reagents, low yield, many by-products, difficult to treat, and high production cost, which is not suitable for industrial mass production.
Enzymatic Synthesis of NMN
Basic principle: Enzymatic synthesis directly catalyzes the synthesis of NMN by using the high efficiency and specificity of enzyme catalysis and the role of key enzymes in the anabolic pathway. This method usually uses specific enzymes such as adenylate cyclase or transphosphatase.
Process flow
Obtaining enzyme source: extracting target enzyme from microorganism or plant, or preparing recombinant enzyme through genetic engineering technology.
Substrate selection: nicotinamide and 5'- ribose phosphate (PRPP).
Enzymatic reaction: under suitable temperature, pH and solution conditions, the enzyme catalyzes the substrate to generate NMN.
Purification and separation: NMN is separated by ultrafiltration, chromatography and other technologies to remove by-products and residual enzymes.
Drying and packaging: concentrating and drying the purified NMN solution to make the final product.
Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages: the enzymatic method has strong specificity, few by-products, environmental friendliness and high yield, and is suitable for the production of high-purity products.
Disadvantages: the preparation cost of enzyme is high, the reaction conditions need to be strictly controlled, and the stability and reusability of enzyme are required in industrialization.
Improvement direction: Optimize enzyme activity and stability by directed evolution technology. Develop continuous flow reactor to improve the efficiency of enzymatic reaction.
Microbial Fermentation of NMN
Basic principle: Microbial fermentation method can directly produce NMN through the transformation of metabolic pathway of engineering strains. This method makes use of the natural advantages of biosynthesis to produce NMN with high efficiency and low cost.
Process flow
Strain construction: through genetic engineering, construct microbial strains (such as Escherichia coli, yeast or lactic acid bacteria) with high yield of NMN.
Fermentation culture: carbon source (such as glucose) and nitrogen source are added to the fermentation tank to promote NMN synthesis by optimizing culture conditions (such as pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, etc.).
Separation and extraction: NMN in fermentation broth is extracted by centrifugation, ultrafiltration or adsorption resin.
Purification: further improve the purity by ion exchange chromatography, crystallization and other methods.
Drying and storage: preparing the final NMN powder.
Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages: low cost, suitable for large-scale production, environmentally friendly process and strong repeatability.
Disadvantages: the fermentation period is long, which is greatly influenced by strain activity and culture conditions, and the extraction and purification procedures are complicated.
Development trend: developing more efficient engineering strains. Intelligent fermentation system is introduced to realize online monitoring and precise control.